野生鸡枞菌：自然馈赠的珍馐（珍稀野生食用菌）

中文阅读

# 野生鸡枞菌：自然馈赠的珍馐

【热搜：一则标题为“野生鸡枞菌：自然馈赠的珍馐”的新闻冲上热搜，被广泛关注。】鸡枞菌，又称“菌中之王”，是一种生长于热带和亚热带地区的珍稀野生食用菌。它属于白蘑科鸡枞菌属，与白蚁共生，形成独特的生态关系。鸡枞菌因其肉质肥厚、质地细嫩、味道鲜甜香脆而备受推崇，是食用菌中的佼佼者。

鸡枞菌的外观十分独特。它的子实体中等至大型，菌盖宽可达3至23.5厘米，幼时呈圆锥形或钟形，成熟后展开呈伞状，边缘常呈辐射状开裂。菌肉厚实，呈白色，菌褶则从白色至乳白色，老熟后带黄色。菌柄粗壮，基部膨大，并带有褐色至黑褐色的细长假根，这些假根与白蚁巢相连。这种独特的形态和颜色，使得鸡枞菌在林间格外显眼。

鸡枞菌的生长环境极为苛刻。它通常出现在针阔叶林、荒地或玉米地中，其生长与白蚁巢穴密不可分。白蚁在地下筑巢，巢穴中的有机物为鸡枞菌的菌丝体提供营养。夏季高温高湿的条件下，白蚁巢上会先长出小白球菌，随后发育成鸡枞菌的子实体。这种共生关系不仅造就了鸡枞菌的独特生长方式，也使其成为自然界中一个奇妙的共生典范。

鸡枞菌不仅味道鲜美，营养价值也极高。它富含人体必需的氨基酸、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素和矿物质，尤其是含有8种必需氨基酸，使其在营养上远超许多其他菌类。此外，鸡枞菌还具有药用价值，据《本草纲目》记载，它有“益味、清神、治痔”的功效，能健脾和胃、增强免疫力，甚至对降低血糖和预防癌症有一定作用。

鸡枞菌的烹饪方式多样，无论是清炒、煎炸、腌制还是煲汤，都能展现出其独特的风味。其肉质切片后酷似鸡胸肉，且带有鸡肉的清香，因此得名“鸡枞”。在云南等地，鸡枞汤更是被誉为“人间至味”，深受当地人喜爱。由于其稀缺性，野生鸡枞菌的价格昂贵，每斤可达数百元，但其独特的风味和丰富的营养，使其成为许多食客心中的“奢侈品”。

尽管鸡枞菌美味且珍贵，但其生长环境极为脆弱，采摘时需格外小心。最佳采摘时间为雨后清晨，此时菌盖尚未完全展开，肉质最为鲜嫩。采摘时应避免破坏白蚁巢，以保护其自然生长环境。这种来自大自然的馈赠，因其稀有和独特，更显珍贵。

英文对照

# Wild Termitomyces Mushroom: Nature's Gift of Delicacy

Termitomyces, commonly known as the wild chicken mushroom or "King of Fungi," is a rare and precious wild edible mushroom found in tropical and subtropical regions. Belonging to the family Tricholomataceae and genus Termitomyces, it shares a unique symbiotic relationship with termites. Renowned for its thick, fleshy texture, delicate white filaments, and sweet, crisp, and fragrant flavor, Termitomyces stands out as a gem among edible fungi.

The appearance of Termitomyces is quite distinctive. Its fruiting body ranges from medium to large, with a cap width of 3 to 23.5 cm. When young, the cap is conical or bell-shaped, gradually expanding into a伞-like form as it matures, often with radiating splits at the edges. The flesh is thick and white, while the gills transition from white to creamy, turning yellowish when older. The stipe is robust, with a swollen base that features fine, brown to dark brown false roots connecting to termite nests. This unique morphology and coloration make Termitomyces easily recognizable in the forest.

The growth conditions for Termitomyces are extremely demanding. It typically appears in mixed forests, open fields, or cornfields, and its development is closely linked to termite mounds. Termites construct nests underground, and the organic matter within these mounds provides nutrients for the mushroom's mycelium. Under the high temperatures and humidity of summer, small white fungal colonies first emerge on the termite mounds, eventually developing into the fruiting bodies of Termitomyces. This symbiotic relationship not only shapes the unique growth pattern of Termitomyces but also positions it as a fascinating example of nature's interconnected ecosystems.

Termitomyces is not only delicious but also highly nutritious. It is rich in essential amino acids, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, particularly containing all eight essential amino acids, which places it nutritionally above many other mushrooms. Furthermore, it holds medicinal value; documented in *Compendium of Materia Medica*, it is said to "enhance taste, clear the mind, and treat hemorrhoids," promoting spleen and stomach health, boosting immunity, and even helping to lower blood sugar and prevent cancer.

Termitomyces can be prepared in various ways, whether stir-fried, pan-fried, pickled, or slow-cooked in soups. Its texture resembles chicken breast when sliced, and it carries a subtle chicken-like aroma, which is why it is named "chicken mushroom". In Yunnan, for instance, Termitomyces soup is celebrated as "heavenly flavor," deeply cherished by locals. Due to its scarcity, wild Termitomyces commands a high price, often reaching hundreds of yuan per kilogram, yet its unique taste and rich nutritional profile make it a luxury for many gourmets.

Despite its delectable and precious nature, the growth environment of Termitomyces is highly fragile, and harvesting requires extreme care. The best time to pick them is early in the morning after rain, when the caps are not yet fully open and the flesh is at its most tender. Care should be taken to avoid damaging the termite mounds during harvesting to protect their natural growth conditions. This gift from nature, rare and extraordinary, is all the more valuable because of its scarcity and uniqueness.

标签 : 野生鸡枞菌 珍稀 野生 食用菌